开学第十四课

英语

welcome unit

笔记小测

传说…….. Chinese legends have/had it that…; Legends say that…
变成 turn (…) into …
坐落于 (be) located in…
目睹 witness
祈求 pray for
日出 sunrise
云海 sea of clouds
在山的顶峰 at the peak of mountain
长得不错 look good
思维敏捷 think fast
玩的尽兴 play hard
你不会看到我不拿书或者笔 You’ll never see me without a book or a pen.
注册一门课 register for a class
交流想法 exchange ideas
做演讲 give a lecture
探索世界 explore the world
闪卡 flash card

课外阅读

中文：1931年9月18日晚，日本驻中国的侵略军——关东军，自行炸毁沈阳北郊柳条湖附近南满铁路的一段铁轨，反诬中国军队破坏铁路，并借此突然袭击了东北军驻地北大营和沈阳城。随即在几天内侵占20多座城市及其周围的广大地区，这就是当时震惊中外的“九●一八”事变。事变爆发后，日本与中国之间的矛盾进一一步激化，而在日本国内，主战的日本军部地位上升，导致日本走上全面侵华的道路。这次事件爆发后的几年时间内，东北三省全部被日本关东军古领，因此被中国民众视为国耻，直至今，9.18在国内许多非正式场合都被称为“国耻日”

Remember History and Forge Ahead
(铭记历史，砥砺前行)

China has a long history of 5000 years, and creates a splendid civilization( 文明) for the world. But China once was the victim(受害者) to the invasions(侵略) of foreign powers, and the Chinese people saw suffering from bloods and tears. The Chinese nation was forced to the most dangerous time. The Communist Party of China led Chinese people to establish a socialist new China and achieved a series of success in the cause of socialist construction and reform. History is a mirror; only by drawing lessons from the history can we get a better understanding of the future. A nation without history is a nation without hope. So the history should never be forgotten, otherwise the blood of yesterday would become tears of tomorrow. As pupils, we will shoulder the mission of building our motherland in the future, and we will get encouragement, inspiration, and wisdom from the history. Although we are still too young, We are confident that we will make changes to the future of our nation and bring helps to realize the areat Chinese Dreams

language point

exchange n.交换:交流、vt.交换;交流;交易;兑换

课文再现I’m an exchange student,from the UK.(教材P2)
情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结exchange用法)
I will teach you Chinese in exchange for your teaching me English.
我将教你汉语,作为你教我英语的交换。
I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.
我与经理握了握手，并交谈了几句。
You can exchange your money for dollars in the hotel.
你可以在旅馆里将你的钱换成美元。
用法归纳.
①an exchange student 交换生
②in exchange for.作为对…..的交换
③exchange sth. with sb.与某人交流/交换某物
④exchange A for B 把A兑换成/更换成B
词汇拓展
◆exchangeable adj.可交换的;可交易的;可兑换的
[基础检测]——介词填空
①It is ilgal forla public, official to ask people for gifts or moneyin exchange for favors to them. am going to travel abroad， so I go to exchange some RMB for francs )in the bank.h
③Meanwhile, they exchange ideas and feelings with each other.

[能力提升]——应用文单句写作
④得知你下学期将作为一名交换生来我们学校我非常高兴。
I’m happy to learn that you will come to our school next term as an exchange student.
design n.设计:设计方案、vt.设计;筹划

情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结design用法)
Do you think the building was burnt down by accident or by design?
你认为这座建筑是被意外烧毁的还是被故意烧毁的?
The online learning system is designed to help students with hearing disorder
这个线上学习系统的目的是帮助有听力障碍的学生。
Bing Dwen Dwen is specifically designed as a mascot for the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.
冰墩墩是专门为2022年北京冬奥会设计的吉祥物。.用法归纳.
①by design故意地;有意地
②be designed to do sth.被设计用来做某事;目的是做某事(主动语态design sth to do sth )
③be designed for……. 设计的(主动语态design sth. for )
④be designed as…被设计作为. . ..
词汇拓展◆designer n. 设计师，设计者
a fashion designer 时装设计师

[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①This course is specially designed for beginners like you, focusing on listening and speaking practice.
②(2019全国卷II)For Western designers (design), China and its
rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
③(2019天津卷)Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially designed (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.
[能力提升]——读后续写单句写作
④这个项目是为了帮助那些有困难的学生而设计的，但实际并没有起到预期的作用。
This project was designed to help the students in need, but in fact it didn’t work as planned.
anxious adj.焦虑的:不安的/渴望的
课文再现I’m not outgoing so I’m a little anxious right now.(教材P4)
情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结anxious用法)
The foreign minister was anxious about the situation in the country.
外交部长对该国的局势感到焦虑。
With the exam coming up, the teacher is anxious for the sick student.
考试临近，老师担心那个生病的学生。
There are plenty of graduates anxious for a teacher certificate.
有大量毕业生渴望得到教师资格证
She was anxious to know what had happened.
她急于知道发生了什么事。
We are anxious that we have no time to take notes.
我们担心我们没有时间记笔记。

用法归纳
①be anxious about sth.为某事忧虑担心
②be anxious for sb./sth.为某人担心非常希望得到某物
③be anxious, to do sth. 渴望做某事;急于做某事
④be anxious that …担心/渴望……
词汇扩展

anxiously adv.焦虑地；忧虑地
anxiety n.焦虑；渴望

[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①Don’t be anxious for/about his safety. He will come back soon.
②All the participants were anxious to know (know) the final result.
③If you’ re worried about your health, share your anxiety(anxious) with your doctor.

[能力提升]——读后续写单句写作
④带着不安，小女孩等待着即将来临的消息。
The little girl waited for the coming news with anxiety.
annoyed adj 恼怒的:生气的

情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结annoyed用法)
We are often annoyed at/about lots of boring advertisements on the Internet.
我们经常因互联网。上很多无聊的广告而感到恼火。
I am annoyed to find that I have to pay an extra charge for the breakfast.
我发现我要为早餐额外付费，这让我很恼火。
The customer was annoyed that no one gave a clear explanation.
顾客恼火的是没有人给出一个清晰的解释。

用法归纳
①be annoyed (with sb.) at/about sth.因某事生(某人的)气
②be annoyed to find/see….因发现/看到….而恼火
③be annoyed that… 恼怒的是…..
词汇扩展
annoy vt. 使恼怒;打扰
annoying adj.令人恼怒的;令人生气的
annoyance n.烦恼;生气

[基础检测]——单句语法填空
①The kids wouldn’t stop talking，and I was beginning to get annoyed with them.
②We were annoyed to find (find) him break the window.
③What annoyed(annoy) him most was l that he didn’t keep his promisel that he didn’ykeep his，
④What is really annoying(annoy)is that we made the samemistake last time.
frightened adj.惊吓的；害怕的

情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结frightened用法)
I was frightened of being left alone in the house.
我害怕被单独留在房子里。
People were once frightened to let their children go to school because of the virus.
因为病毒,人们一度不敢让孩子们去上学了。
I’d never try that. I’d be frightened to death.
我绝不会尝试的。我会被吓死的。
Many schools are frightened that smart phones might influence students’ normal study.
很多学校害怕智能手机可能影响学生的正常学习。

用法归纳
①be frightened of (doing) sth.害怕(做)某事
②ioe frightened to do sth.不敢做某事
③be frightened to death 被吓得要死
④be frightened+that 从句害怕….

词汇拓展
◆frighten v.使惊吓;使惊恐
◆fright n.惊吓,恐怖;使人惊吓的经历
◆frightening adj.可怕的，令大害怕的(常修饰物)
impression n印象:感想
课文再现I want to make a good first impression. (教材P4)
情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结impression用法)
She gives the impression of being very busy.
她给人的印象是特别忙。
He left a deep impression on me and gave me theinspiration)to pick up my pen again.
他给我留下了深刻的印象,给了我重新拾笔的灵感。

用法归纳
①give the impression of..给…..的印象
②leave/make/create a/an… impression on sb.
给某人留下/产生一个…的印象

词汇拓展
impress vt.使钦佩;给…..留下深刻的好印象
vi.留下印象;引人注目

impress sth. on/upon sb.使某人意识到某事的重要性
我的老师让我认识到立刻采取行动的重要性。(翻译)
My teacher impressed the need for immediate action upon/on me.

impress sb. by/with sth 用某物/某事给某人留下深刻的好印象.
(被动语态be impressed by/with..)
全世界都钦佩中国应对紧急事件的有效措施。(翻译)
The whole world is impressed with China’s effective measures to deal with emergencies.

impressive adj.给人深刻印象的;令人敬佩的

[基础检测]——语法填空

When asked about his impression of Beijing, he said that he was deeply impressed by its unique human landscape，and that the Palace Museum was the most impressive architecture he’d ever seen. (impress)

[能力提升]——一句多译
今年的音乐节会给你留下深刻的印象。(2019全国卷II，书面表达)
①This year’s music festival will impress you deeply . (impress)
②You will be deeply impressed with this year’s music festival.(impressed)
③This year’s music festival will surely leave a deep impression on you . (impression)
concentrate on 集中精力于
课文再现I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. (教材P4)
情景导堂(翻译以下句子并总结concentrate on用法)
If you concentrate on studying English, you will master the language.
如果你将精力集中在英语学习上,你就会掌握这门语言。
It’s an important ability to concentrate one’s attention on work understress.
压力下能够集中精力工作是一项重要的能力。

用法归纳
concentrate sth (one’s mind/attention/energy) on (doing)sth.
集中注意力/精万于{做)某事
词汇拓展
concentration n. 专心，专注;关注;重视;集中;浓度

[能力提升]——一句多译
你若集中精力学习英语，你会掌握这门语言的。
①If you concentrate your mind/attention/yourself on English, you will master the language.(concentrate)
②Concentrating your mind/attention/yourself on English will enable you to master the language.(动名词短语作主语)
confident adj自信的;有把握的
课文再现 I feel much more confident than I felt this morning. (教材P4)
情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结confident用法)
We are confident of becoming an internet-famous flower shop in Chengdu.
我们有把握成为成都一家网红花店。
HUAWEI is confident about its ability to solve the supply problem.
华为自信有能力解决供应问题。
I’m confident that I can help them better understand Chinese culturre.
我肯定可以帮助他们更好地了解中国文化。

用法归纳
①be confident of (doing) sth.对(做)某事有把握
②be confident about… 对…….有信心
③be confident+ that从句确信/肯定某事会发生
词汇拓展
confidence n.信心;把握
with confidence自信地;有把握地
have(every)confidence in sb./sth.对某人/某事有(绝对的)信心
look forward to盼望;期待
课文再现Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.(教材P6)
情景导学
他期待着他的新工作。(翻译)
He is looking forward to his new job.
用法归纳
look forward to, to是介词，其后接+n/pron./v.ing
词汇拓展
◆类似的含有介词t的短语还有:
lead to导致;引起
pay attention to注意
contribute to有助于;促成
get down to开始认真做
be used to习惯于
curious adj好奇的;求知欲强的
课文再现I’m curious about everything.(教材P8)
情景导学(翻译以下句子并总结curious用法)
He was curious to know the fact about the UFO.
他极想知道不明飞行物的真相。
She was curious about how the experts did it.
她好奇专家是如何做到的。
It’s curious that no one noticed the boy.
没有人注意到这个男孩这很反常。

用法归纳
①be curious to do sth. 极想做某事
②be curious about .. 对…..感到好奇
③It’s curious+that从句 ….. 是不寻常的。

词汇拓展
curiosity n.[U]好奇心
out of curiosity出于好奇
with curiosity=curiously adv.好奇地
她只是出于好奇打开了这封信。(翻译)
Just out of curiosity, she opened the letter.

[基础检测]——单句填空
①Out of curiosity(出于好奇)，the man followed the guide into the hall.
②The young teacher looked at the strange boy curiously (curious).
③Mr. White thinks that one of the teacher’s tasks is to raise the students’ curiosity (curious).
④Amerasian students are curious about Chinese traditional culture.
What if…? 要是…..会怎么样呢?
课文再现What if no one talks to me?(教材P4)
情景导学(观察以下句子并总结what if用法)
What ifshe finds out that you have lost her book?
What if we go on a trip to the Great Wall?

用法妇纳
What if…?=What would happen f…?
主要有两个用法:
①表示假设
常用于询问不愉快的事发生后的结果，意为“要….怎么办/怎么样?” ,其后句子可用陈述语气(用一般现在时)，也可用虛拟语气(用- -般过去时或“should+动词原形”力。用法妇纳
What if.?=What would happen if..?
主要有两个用法:
①表示假设
常用于询问不愉快的事发生后的结果,意为“要….怎么办怎么样? ,
其后句子可用陈述语气(用一般现在时)，也可用虛拟语气(用- -般过去时
或“should+动词原形”力。
②用于提出建议
What if..用于提出建议时，意思是“如…..怎么样/如何?“。
find+宾语+宾语补足语
课文再现I found most of my classmates and teacher friendly and helpful (教材P4)
情景导学(观察以下句子并总结find+宾语+宾语补足语用法)
I find Chinese classics charming.
When he woke up, he found himself in hospital.
I found my child having the greatest fun in Disneyland.
The man found his city much changed.

结构拓展
①当不定式短语作宾语时，为了保持句子的结构平衡;通常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在宾语补足语后面。他发现学英语很难。(翻译)
He found it difficult to learn English.
②若“find+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动形式，则原来的宾语变为主语,宾语补足语变为主语补足语。这个厨师因被发现在厨房吸烟而被开除了。(翻译)
The cook was fired as he was found smoking in the kitchen.

听力部分

【略】

数学

充分条件与必要条件（一）

命题

一般地，我们把用语言、符号或式子表达的，可以判断真假的陈述句叫做命题.

判断为真的语句是真命题,
判断为假的语句是假命题.

命题的一般形式:若p，则q.（如果p，那么q）

充分条件与必要条件

1、一般地，“若p，则q”为真命题，是指由p通过推理可以得出q .这时，我们就说，由P可以推出q，记作$p\Rightarrow q$，并且说,P是q的充分条件，q是p的必要条件.

若$p\Rightarrow q$ 则称：p是q的充分条件，q是p的必要条件

如果“若p，则q”为假命题，那么由p推不出q，记作$p\not\Rightarrow q$ 。此时，我们就说p不是q的充分条件，q不是p的必要条件

2、一般地, 如果“若p，则q”和它的逆命题“若q，则p”都是真命题，即既有$p\Rightarrow q$，又有$q\Rightarrow p$就记作$p\Leftrightarrowq$.
此时，p既是q的充分条件，也是q的必要条件，我们说，p是q的充分必要条件,简称充要条件.
显然，如果p是q的充要条件，那么q也是p的充要条件(p等价于q)

课堂小结

充分条件与必要条件（二）

知识清单

充分条件与必要条件

| 命题真假 | “若p，则q”是真命题 | “若p，则q”是假命题 |
| ———— | ————————————————— | ——————————————————— |
| 推出关系 | $p\Rightarrow q$ | $p\not\Rightarrow q$ |
| 条件关系 | p是q的充分条件
q是p的必要条件 | p不是q的充分条件
q不是p的必要条件 |
充要条件

(1)一般地，如果既有 $p\Rightarrow q$，又有 $q\Rightarrow p$，就记作$p\Leftrightarrow q$，此时，我们说，p是q的充分必要条件，简称充要条件.

概括地说，如果$p\Leftrightarrow q$,那么p与q互为充要条件.

(2)若$p\Rightarrow q$，但$q\not\Rightarrow p$则称p是q的充分不必要条件.
(3)若$q\Rightarrow p$，但$p\not\Rightarrow q$，则称p是q的必要不充分条件.
(4)若$p\not\Rightarrow q$，且$q\not\Rightarrow p$, 则称p是q的既不充分也不必要条件.
从集合角度看充分、必要条件
(1)依据
设集合A={x|p(x)},B={x|q(x)}.
若x具有性质p,则x∈A;若x具有性质q,则x∈B.
若A⊆B,就是说x具有性质p,则x必具有性质q,即p⇒q.
类似地,B⊆A与q⇒p等价,A=B与p⇔q等价.

(2)结论
如果把p研究的范围看成集合A,把q研究的范围看成集合B,则可得下表.当所要研究的p,q含有变量,即涉及方程的解集、不等式的解集,或者与集合有关或所描述的对象可以用集合表示时,可以借助集合间的包含关系,利用Venn图或数轴解题.

题型一充分条件、必要条件、充要条件的判断

解题方法（充分条件与必要条件的判断方法）

（1）定义法

（2）集合法

题型二充要条件的探求与证明

解题方法（探求充要条件一般有两种方法）
(1)探求A成立的充要条件时，先将A视为条件，并由A推导结论(设为B)，再证明B是A的充分条件，这样就能说明A成立的充要条件是B，即从充分性和必要性两方面说明．
(2)将原命题进行等价变形或转换，直至获得其成立的充要条件，探求的过程同时也是证明的过程，因为探求过程每一步都是等价的，所以不需要将充分性和必要性分开来说明．

题型三充分条件、必要条件、充要条件的应用

解题方法（利用充分、必要、充分必要条件的关系求参数范围）
(1)化简p、q两命题，
(2)根据p与q的关系(充分、必要、充要条件)转化为集合间的关系，
(3)利用集合间的关系建立不等关系，
(4)求解参数范围．

本节小结

充分条件、必要条件、充要条件的判断.
充分条件、必要条件、充要条件的应用.
充要条件的探求与证明.

化学

易错提醒

离子方程式中,只有强酸、强碱、可溶性盐可以拆。
(1)强酸:
H2SO4、HNO3、 HCl、 HBr、 HI、HClO4 ;
(2)强碱:
NaOH、Ba(OH)2、 KOH ;
(3)可溶性盐:钾盐、钠盐、铵盐、硝酸盐、碳酸氢盐等。
溶解性口诀:钾、钠、铵盐均可溶,硝酸盐遇水无影踪，氯化物除氯化银,硫酸盐中钡难溶。
在离子方程式中单质,气体,氧化物,弱酸,弱碱,难溶物,水,不拆用化学式表示。
浓$H_2SO_4$不拆,浓$HNO_3$.浓HCI拆
$HCO_3^-、HS^-、HSO_3^-,$等弱酸的酸式酸根不能拆开写

注意一$Ca(OH)_2$能不能拆 ,需要看情况

(1 )表述为”澄清石灰水”、“饱和石灰水”、 “Ca(OH)2溶液” 时,可以拆;
(2)表述为”石灰乳”、“石灰浆” 时不可以拆。

作为生成物

及时小练

常见的离子反应类型

复分解反应型：

反应条件：生成沉淀、气体或水（难电离的弱电解质）
置换反应型
氧化还原型

敬请期待

离子方程式的正误判断

判断下列离子方程式书写是否正确

( 1 )物质间反应是否符合反应的客观事实;
( 2 )物质拆写是否正确;
( 3 )是否符合原子守恒和电荷守恒;
( 4 )方程式整体的阴、阳离子配比是否正确。

离子共存

概念：几种离子在同一种溶液中能大量共存
离子不能大量共存的条件

离子共存的常见限制条件
(1)无色透明:不能存在有色离子,如Cu2+(蓝色)、Fe3+(棕黄色)、Fe2+(浅绿色)、MnO4-(紫红色)。

“透明”与溶液有无颜色无关,只要溶液不形成混浊或沉淀,即为透明溶液。如FeCl2溶液为浅绿色透明溶液。

( 2 )溶液可能是酸性也可能是碱性:
①加入甲基橙显黄色
②HCO3-离子不能存在的溶液

历史

隋唐制度的变化与创新

一、入仕之途

思考：九品中正制因何产生？

(1)汉末社会动荡，人口迁移频繁，察举制失去社会基础；
(2)地方士族操控选官制度，干扰人才选拔。
(3)缓解中央政府与世家大族的紧张关系，有利于加强中央集权。

思考：九品中正制有何不合理之处？

无考核标准，后期沦为士族门阀统治的工具。

选官制度	九品中正制	科举制
选官权	中正官	中央政府
选拔方式	推举	考试
选拔标准	门第(分级不分科)	考试成绩(分科考试)
选拔范围	世家大族为主	士族、庶族